Beyond tools: Reviewing AI’s role in second language speaking skills and implications for classroom practice

Abstract

This review examines the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in second language (L2) speaking instruction, analyzing its pedagogical potential and implementation challenges. It synthesizes findings from recent empirical studies to demonstrate how AI technologies, including automatic speech recognition (ASR), intelligent tutoring systems, and conversational agents, are reshaping L2 education. The analysis reveals that AI effectively addresses traditional limitations in speaking instruction, such as limited practice opportunities and delayed feedback, while also helping to reduce learners' speaking anxiety and improve fluency and pronunciation. However, the review also highlights critical considerations, including the variability in effectiveness across different AI applications and the need to balance AI-mediated support with human interaction. By exploring both the theoretical underpinnings and practical applications, this study provides evidence-based guidance for educators and researchers seeking to leverage AI to enhance L2 speaking competencies. It concludes that future efforts should focus on strategic integration to transition AI from a supplementary tool to an integral component of comprehensive language education.